Electronic device having an alterable configuration and methods of manufacturing and configuring the same

ABSTRACT

An electronic device having an alterable configuration includes a non-volatile memory configurable to include at least a first partition and a second partition, the non-volatile memory storing a boot ROM. The boot ROM is operable when executed by a processor of said electronic device to, in the event that a third partition is available, boot an operating system in the third partition, the operating system operable when booted to cause the third partition to be deleted and the second partition to be expanded to encompass memory freed by the deletion; and otherwise boot an operating system in the first partition.

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 13/413,974, filed on Mar. 7, 2012, which is acontinuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/392,348,filed Feb. 25, 2009, and now granted as U.S. Pat. No. 8,156,316, whichis a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/082,706, filed on Mar. 18, 2005, and now granted as U.S. Pat. No.7,516,315, all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to electronic devices and, morespecifically, to an electronic device having an alterable configurationand methods of manufacturing and configuring the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The use of operating systems customized for the purpose of electronicdevice calibration is known. During manufacture, special calibrationfirmware including a factory operating system (“OS”) is programmed orloaded onto a flash memory chip, which is then soldered onto a maincircuit board incorporated into an electronic device. The factory OS iscustomized to facilitate calibration and customization of the device.

Once the calibration and customization of the electronic device iscompleted, the special calibration firmware is replaced with shippingfirmware that includes a shipping OS. It can be desirable to disable orremove the customized special calibration firmware as it can includesecurity holes that are undesirable in the shipping electronic device.The functionality of the shipping OS is generally free of such securityholes and complies with standardized specifications that permitinteroperability between different electronic devices. For electronicdevices having cellular communication functionality, such as mobilephones and two-way wireless email devices, the shipping OS is oftencustomized for a particular network carrier. Such customizations caninclude, but are not limited to, graphical user interface images, thedefault settings for certain functionality (e.g. whether a Bluetoothradio is on or off), languages, fonts and the configuration of certainradio features.

A flash utility executing on an external computing device is typicallyemployed to overwrite the contents of the flash memory chip via auniversal serial bus (“USB”) cable. This process of loading the shippingfirmware onto the assembled electronic device is time-consuming, takingtwo to three minutes. As a result, this stage of production is costly,requiring many computers and operators to be dedicated to this task.

If the final version of the shipping firmware is completed beforemanufacturing begins, it can be advantageous to load the shippingfirmware onto the flash memory chip in place of the factory OS prior tosoldering onto the main circuit board. In this case, the shippingfirmware generally must include calibration functionality in order toenable the calibration of the electronic device during manufacture.While the shipping firmware no longer needs to be placed into flashmemory after assembly, the presence of such functionality in theshipping firmware can introduce security flaws in the electronic device.Further, the shipping firmware that includes the calibrationfunctionality is less time-efficient than the special calibrationfirmware for calibration and customization of the electronic device.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the invention, there is provided an electronic devicehaving an alterable configuration, comprising:

-   -   a processor; and    -   flash memory storing a boot ROM and for storing a first        operating system in a first operating system partition and a        second operating system in a second operating system partition,        said boot ROM being executed by said processor and operable to        boot said first operating system if available in said flash        memory and to boot said second operating system if said first        operating system is at least one of absent in said flash memory        and invalid when said electronic device is powered up.

In another aspect of the invention, there is provided an electronicdevice having an alterable configuration, comprising:

a boot ROM for controlling the booting of said electronic device, saidboot ROM being operable, when executed by a processor of said electronicdevice, to boot a first operating system in a first operating systempartition in flash memory if present and valid and to boot a secondoperating system in a second operating system partition in flash memoryif said first operating system is not present in said flash memory andvalid when said electronic device is powered up.

In a further aspect of the invention, there is provided a method ofmanufacturing an electronic device, comprising:

assembling said electronic device using a flash memory, said flashmemory storing a boot ROM, a first operating system in a first operatingsystem partition and a second operating system in a second operatingsystem partition, said boot ROM being operable to boot said firstoperating system if present in said flash memory and valid when saidelectronic device is powered up, said boot ROM being operable to bootsaid second operating system if said first operating system is notpresent in said flash memory and valid when said electronic device ispowered up; and

deleting said first operating system partition in said flash memory.

In a still further aspect of the invention, there is provided a methodof configuring an electronic device, comprising:

provisioning flash memory of said electronic device having a firstoperating system in a first operating system partition and a secondoperating system in a second operating system partition, said electronicdevice being operable to execute said second operating system if presentin said flash memory and valid in lieu of said first operating system;

executing said second operating on said electronic device; and

-   -   deleting said second operating system partition in said flash        memory.

In another aspect of the invention, there is provided an electronicdevice having an alterable configuration, comprising:

a non-volatile memory configurable to include at least a first partitionand a second partition, the non-volatile memory storing a boot ROM thatis operable when said boot ROM is executed by a processor of saidelectronic device to: in the event that a third partition is available,boot an operating system in the third partition, the operating systemoperable when booted to cause the third partition to be deleted and thesecond partition to be expanded to encompass memory freed by thedeletion; and otherwise boot an operating system in the first partition.

In yet another aspect of the invention there is provided a method ofmanufacturing an electronic device, comprising:

assembling said electronic device using a non-volatile memory to includeat least a first partition, a second partition, a third partition and aboot ROM;

causing the boot ROM to execute a first operating system stored in thefirst partition, in volatile memory;

deleting the first partition; and

expanding the third partition to encompass non-volatile memory freed bythe deleting,

wherein said boot ROM is operable to execute a second operating systemstored in the second partition when the first operating system is nolonger available in the non-volatile memory.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a methodof configuring an electronic device having non-volatile memory with afirst partition and a second partition, comprising:

causing the electronic device to execute a downloader application,wherein the downloader application is operable when executed by aprocessor on the electronic device to download an installer operatingsystem and reduce the second partition to accommodate an installeroperating system partition;

storing the installer operating system in the installer operating systempartition;

causing the electronic device to boot the installer operating system,

wherein the installer operating system is operable when booted tooverwrite an operating system in the first partition with a replacementoperating system, delete the installer operating system partition, andexpand the second partition to encompass non-volatile memory freed bythe deletion; and

causing the electronic device to boot the replacement operating system.

According to another aspect of the invention there is provided a methodof configuring an electronic device, comprising:

assembling said electronic device using a non-volatile memory to includeat least a first operating system in a first partition, a secondoperating system in a second partition, a file system in a thirdpartition, and a boot ROM;

executing the boot ROM a first time, the boot ROM booting the firstoperating system into volatile memory, the first operating systemdeleting the first partition and expanding the third partition toencompass non-volatile memory freed by the deleting;

executing the boot ROM a second time, the boot ROM in response todetermining that the first operating system is no longer available dueto the deleting automatically booting the second operating system intovolatile memory.

The invention allows for a second operating system to be loaded onto anelectronic device and used until it is no longer required, after whichit can be removed.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, withreference to the attached Figures, wherein:

FIG. 1 shows an electronic device in accordance with an aspect of theinvention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of the electronic device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the contents of the non-volatile memoryof the electronic device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 illustrates the method of selecting and booting an operatingsystem on the electronic device of FIG. 1;

FIG. 5 illustrates the method of manufacturing the electronic device ofFIG. 1;

FIG. 6 illustrates the method of making an operating system unavailableduring the method of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of the contents of the non-volatile memoryof the electronic device of FIG. 1 after performance of the method ofFIG. 6; and

FIG. 8 illustrates a method of upgrading the operating system on anelectronic device, such as the device of FIG. 1, in accordance withanother embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention allows both an interim and a permanent operating system tobe loaded onto an electronic device prior to assembly of the device. Theoperating systems are loaded onto a flash chip prior to assembly of theelectronic device by a specialized machine that processes multiple flashchips simultaneously. This process takes approximately thirty (30)seconds. Using this approach, the slower method of loading the shippingOS onto the electronic device using a communication interface of theassembled electronic device, such as a universal serial bus (“USB”)port, can be avoided.

An exemplary electronic device 20 is shown in FIG. 1. The electronicdevice 20 in this case is a cellular telephone capable of two-way voiceand data communications. The electronic device 20 is provided with awired communication interface 28 for wired communication with othercomputing devices.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the block elements of theelectronic device 20, including random access memory (“RAM”) 32, aninput interface 36, an output interface 40, a power supply 44, aprocessor 48, the wired communication interface 28, a wirelesscommunication interface 52 and non-volatile memory 56, all incommunication over a local bus 60. The RAM 32 is volatile memory that isused to store data temporarily during operation of the electronic device20. The input interface 36 includes a set of keys and controls forcomposing email messages, adjusting the volume or powering up theelectronic device 20, and also includes a microphone for receiving audiocommands and communication. The output interface 40 provides, amongother things, a visual indication of communications to and from theelectronic device 20. The power supply 44 is a rechargeable battery. Theprocessor 48 executes an operating system and other software foroperating the electronic device 20. The wired communication interface 28is a universal serial bus (“USB”) port that permits communication withother computing devices via a USB cable and also receives power forcharging the rechargeable battery. The wireless communication interface52 is a cellular communication radio for sending and receivingcommunications wirelessly.

The non-volatile memory 56 is a flash chip that is pre-loaded with aboot ROM, one or more operating systems and other programs to enablevarious functionality of the device.

FIG. 3 better illustrates the layout of the non-volatile memory 56. Thenon-volatile memory 56 includes a boot ROM 64, a memory configurationtable (“MCT”) 68, a shipping OS partition 72, a factory OS partition 76and a file system partition 80. The boot ROM 64 selects an OS(partition) to be booted on powering up the electronic device 20. Forpurposes of this discussion, “powering up” also includes the restartingor resetting of the electronic device 20. The boot ROM 64 is alwayslocated at the start of the memory address space in the non-volatilememory 56. The MCT 68 is a register of the partitions in thenon-volatile memory 56. The shipping OS partition 72 houses the shippingOS that controls the operation of the electronic device 20 in acommercial environment. The factory OS partition 76 houses the factoryOS that controls the operation of the electronic device 20 duringcalibration, etc. The file system partition 76 can includecustomizations for resellers or end-users, such as languages, fonts,customized logos, ringtones, profiles, etc.

FIG. 4 illustrates the method of selecting and booting an operatingsystem, performed by the electronic device 20 generally at 100. Uponpowering up, the electronic device 20 executes the boot ROM 64 (step110). The boot ROM 64 then determines whether the factory OS partition76 is present (step 120). If the factory OS partition 76 is present, theboot ROM 64 tries to validate the factory OS partition 76 (step 130). Ifthe factory OS partition 76 is validated by the boot ROM 64, the factoryOS is booted (step 140). If, instead, the factory OS partition 76 is notvalidated, or if the factory OS partition 76 is not present, the bootROM 64 determines whether the shipping OS partition 72 is present (step150). If the shipping OS partition 72 is present, the boot ROM 64 triesto validate the shipping OS partition 72 (step 160). If the shipping OSpartition 72 is authenticated by the boot ROM 64, the shipping OS isbooted (step 170). If, instead, the shipping OS partition 72 is notvalidated, or if the shipping OS partition 72 is not present, the bootROM 64 displays an error code on the display of the electronic device 20(step 180). Upon booting either of the factory OS or the shipping OS, ordisplaying the error code, the method 100 ends.

In order to determine whether the factory OS partition 76 and theshipping OS partition 72 are present at steps 120 and 150 respectively,the boot ROM 64 examines the MCT 68. When partition addition, deletionand modifications are made, the changes are written to the MCT 68.

During the validation of either of the factory OS partition 76 at step130 and the shipping OS partition 72 at step 160, the boot ROM 64attempts to locate and authenticate a digital signature in the OSpartition. The digital signature includes information pertaining to thecontents of the partition that is encrypted using a secret key of atrusted source. A public key corresponding to the secret key is used bythe boot ROM 64 to decrypt the information, which is then used to verifythat the contents have not been tampered with or otherwise damaged. Theauthentication is performed in order to reduce the probability thatpotentially malicious or damaged code is run on the electronic device20. If the OS partition does not contain a digital signature, thevalidation fails. If a digital signature is present, the boot ROM 64determines whether the digital signature corresponds to the public key.If the digital signature does not correspond to the public key, theauthentication and, thus, the validation fail. If the digital signaturecorresponds to the public key, its information is compared to thecontents of the OS partition. If the contents of the OS partition do notmatch the digital signature, the validation fails, otherwise the OSpartition is validated.

If neither of the OS partitions are present and validated, the boot ROM64 refuses to load an OS and displays an error code at step 180.

FIG. 5 shows the method 200 of manufacturing the electronic device 20.The non-volatile memory 56 is flashed with an image to provide it withthe partitions shown in FIG. 3 (step 210). The non-volatile memory 56 isthen secured by soldering to a main board during assembly of theelectronic device 20 (step 220). Once the electronic device 20 isassembled, it is calibrated and customized (step 230). The factory OSpartition 76 is then deleted (step 240).

During the flashing or loading of the non-volatile memory 56, a masterimage of the contents of the non-volatile memory 56 shown in FIG. 3 isflashed to the non-volatile memory. A specialized machine processes anumber of non-volatile memory chips simultaneously. The specializedmachine is able to load the operating systems into the non-volatilememory 56 more rapidly than otherwise possible after assembly. This isdue to the relatively slow speed of the wired communication interface 28(i.e., USB) and the non-volatile memory of the electronic device 20. Bydirectly loading the operating systems onto the non-volatile memory 56,the loading speed is generally only limited by the write speed of thenon-volatile memory chip. When the non-volatile memory 56 is programmeddirectly, a voltage that is higher than otherwise possible can be used.The higher voltage enables programming of the non-volatile memory 56 atapproximately twice the speed achieved when the electronic device 20 isassembled.

The factory OS includes a number of modifications that are made toreduce the time required to calibrate and customize the electronicdevice at step 230. For example, the shipping OS operates the USB wiredcommunication interface 28 at an initial power level of 100 milliampsfor a period of time before ramping up to an ultimate power level of 500milliamps. This is done for compatibility reasons as some computers areequipped to handle only one of the power levels. The factory OS bypassesthe initial power level and immediately employs the ultimate power levelof 500 milliamps as the computers used during production use this powerlevel for USB connections. In addition, the radios of the wirelesscommunication interface 52 are not operated in accordance with variouscommunication specifications in order to reduce time latencies.

During calibration, gain of the antennas of the wireless communicationinterface 52 is set, personal identification numbers are assigned,internal voltage references are programmed, audio volumes arecalibrated, the display contrast is configured to a suitable defaultlevel, etc.

Using the method 100, the factory OS, if present and valid, will havepriority over the shipping OS. In order to configure the electronicdevice 20 to use the shipping OS, the factory OS makes itselfunavailable by deleting itself. After the deletion of the factory OSpartition 76, the shipping OS will boot when the electronic device 20 ispowered up.

FIG. 6 illustrates the method 300 of altering the configuration of theelectronic device 20. The factory OS is booted and executed in RAM 32(step 310). An instruction to delete the factory OS partition 76 isreceived (step 320). The factory OS partition 76 is deleted and the filesystem partition 80 is expanded to encompass the memory freed by thedeletion of the factory OS partition 76 (step 330). The electronicdevice 20 is then restarted to verify the correct booting of theshipping OS (step 340).

After being loaded into RAM 32 at step 310, the factory OS provides aninterface for receiving an instruction to delete the factory OSpartition 76. The instruction is received via the wired communicationinterface 28.

As the factory OS is executed in RAM 32 when booted, it does not rely onthe factory OS partition 76 in non-volatile memory 56 for operation. Asa result, the factory OS is able to entirely delete the factory OSpartition 76 at step 330 upon receipt of an instruction to do so. Inorder to delete the factory OS partition 76, the factory OS makes an APIcall to modify the MCT 68 to remove reference to the factory OSpartition 76 and to expand the file system partition 80 to encompass thespace previously occupied by the factory OS partition 76.

Upon restarting of the electronic device 20 at step 340, the shipping OSis booted by the boot ROM as a result of method 100. The electronicdevice 20 operates thereafter as if the factory OS was never present.

Alternative Embodiment

The invention also provides advantages in performing OS upgrades, suchas over-the air (“OTA”). Some systems for updating the OS of anelectronic device provide an installer application in the boot ROM thatcan install a new OS over the OS currently installed on the device. Theboot ROM is conditioned into an install mode where it downloads the newOS or retrieves the new OS from a saved location in the file system, andthen replaces the current OS with the new OS. The electronic device canthereafter use the new OS. The space available for the boot ROM,however, can be limited. Further, it can be desirable to upgrade theactual installer program itself. In addition, by placing the installerin the boot ROM, space for display drivers is generally unavailable and,thus, information cannot be displayed to a user of the electronic deviceduring the OS upgrade. Using the invention, such OS upgrades can beperformed on the electronic device without placing the installer programin the boot ROM 64. Further, the installer can be provisioned with adisplay driver to present information to the user of the electronicdevice during the OS upgrade. In addition, the installer can be equippedto handle packages compressed using differing methods.

A method of upgrading the OS of an electronic device in accordance withanother embodiment of the invention is generally shown at 400 in FIG. 8.The file system partition is resized by a downloader application toaccommodate a new partition (step 410). A package containing aninstaller OS is downloaded to the electronic device by the downloaderapplication (step 420). The downloader application validates the package(step 430). If the package is not valid, the method 400 ends. If thepackage is, instead, valid, the installer OS is then unpacked by thedownloader application into the new partition (step 440). The electronicdevice is then restarted (step 450). Upon restart, the boot ROMrecognizes the presence of the second OS (i.e., the installer OS) andboots the installer OS. An installer application in the installer OSunpacks a compressed version of the upgraded shipping OS contained inthe installer OS partition and writes it over the current shipping OS(step 460). The installer application, which is executing in RAM, thendeletes the installer OS partition (step 470). Once the installerpartition has been deleted, the installer application executing in RAMresizes the file system (step 480). The installer application thenrestarts the electronic device (step 490), after which the method 400ends. Upon restart, the boot ROM does not find the second OS partitionand loads the upgraded shipping OS.

During the resizing of the file system to create a new partition at step410, a backup copy of the MCT is created to aid in failure recovery. Thelocation of the backup of the MCT is fixed so that the boot ROM is laterable to locate it. If the MCT is not modified successfully, the backupcopy of the MCT is retrieved by the MCT during failure recovery. Duringthe deletion of the installer OS partition and subsequent resizing ofthe file system partition, the MCT is modified before the partitionresizing/deleting operations are performed to reduce the probability offailure.

In a particular embodiment, the installer OS is downloaded over-the-air.

The method 400 can also provide advantages over the method ofoverwriting the factory OS with the shipping OS via a USB cable. In somecases, it can be faster to download a compressed package containing theshipping OS and have an installer OS decompress and write it over thefactory OS than to simply overwrite the factory OS with the shipping OSvia the USB cable.

While the making of an operating system unavailable has been describedas being performed by deletion, other methods will occur to thoseskilled in the art. For example, where an OS partition is digitallysigned, one or more bits of data can be altered in the OS partition tocause it to become invalidatable.

While the invention has been described with specificity to factory andshipping OSes, other types of OSes will occur to those skilled in theart.

Some or all of an operating system can be upgraded using the invention.The invention enables a partial or complete upgrade of an operatingsystem of an electronic device. As the operating system being modifiedor replaced is not executing or otherwise being used, the installer canmake differing levels of modifications to it.

The above-described embodiments of the invention are intended to beexamples of the invention and alterations and modifications may beeffected thereto, by those of skill in the art, without departing fromthe scope of the invention which is defined solely by the claimsappended hereto.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electronic device, comprising: non-volatilememory including a first operating system in a first partition, a secondoperating system in a second partition, and a third partition; thenon-volatile memory storing a boot ROM that is operable when the bootROM is executed by a processor of the electronic device to: boot thesecond operating system when the first operating system is not availableor is invalid; otherwise, boot the first operating system, the firstoperating system operable when booted to delete or invalidate or makeunavailable the first operating system and cause the third partition toexpand to encompass memory freed by the deleting or the making invalidor the making unavailable the first operating system.
 2. The electronicdevice of claim 1, wherein the boot ROM is further operable, when theboot ROM is executed by the processor of the electronic device, toverify the second operating system is valid prior to booting the secondoperating system.
 3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the firstoperating system is further operable, when booted, to calibrate theelectronic device prior to deleting or invalidating or makingunavailable the first operating system.
 4. The electronic device ofclaim 1, wherein the first operating system, when booted, is operable todelete the first operating system and expand the third partition toencompass the memory freed by the deletion.
 5. The electronic device ofclaim 1, wherein the electronic device is a mobile device.
 6. Theelectronic device of claim 1, wherein the boot ROM is executed by theprocessor when the electronic device is powered up.
 7. The electronicdevice of claim 1, wherein the first operating system is a factoryoperating system and the second operating system is a shipping operatingsystem.
 8. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the non-volatilememory further includes a memory configuration table comprising aregister of partitions that is updated when partition addition,deletion, and modifications are made.
 9. The electronic device of claim1, wherein the first operating system is an installer operating system.10. The electronic device of claim 9, wherein the electronic device isconfigured to download the installer operating system over-the-air. 11.A method comprising: storing in non-volatile memory a first operatingsystem in a first partition, a second operating system in a secondpartition, and a boot ROM; the non-volatile memory including a thirdpartition; the boot ROM being operable when the boot ROM is executed bya processor of an electronic device to: boot the second operating systemwhen the first operating system is not available or is invalid;otherwise, boot the first operating system, the first operating systemoperable when booted to delete or invalidate or make unavailable thefirst operating system and cause the third partition to expand toencompass memory freed by the deleting or the making invalid or themaking unavailable the first operating system.
 12. The method of claim11 further comprising: executing the boot ROM a first time, the boot ROMbooting the first operating system, and the first operating systemdeleting the first partition to delete the first operating system. 13.The method of claim 12 further comprising: subsequent to said executingthe boot ROM a first time, executing the boot ROM a second time, theboot ROM booting the second operating system.
 14. The method of claim 11wherein the boot ROM is further operable, when the boot ROM is executedby the processor of the electronic device, to verify the secondoperating system is valid prior to booting the second operating system.15. The method of claim 11, wherein the first operating system isfurther operable, when booted, to calibrate the electronic device priorto deleting or invalidating or making unavailable the first operatingsystem.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the first operating system,when booted, is operable to delete the first operating system and expandthe third partition to encompass the memory freed by the deletion. 17.The method of claim 11, wherein the electronic device is a mobiledevice.
 18. The method of claim 11, wherein the first operating systemis a factory operating system and the second operating system is ashipping operating system.
 19. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising storing in the non-volatile memory a memory configurationtable comprising a register of partitions that is updated when partitionaddition, deletion, and modifications are made.
 20. The method of claim11, wherein the non-volatile memory is flash memory.